Women in the Russian Revolution. The Russian Revolutions of 1. Many early Russian feminists and ordinary Russian workingwomen actively participated in the Revolution, and many more were affected by the events of that period and the new policies of the Soviet Union. Beginning in October 1. Soviet Union liberalized divorce and abortion laws, decriminalized homosexuality, permitted cohabitation, and ushered in a host of reforms that instigated a red sexual revolution. Giving Soviet women control over their fertility also led to a precipitous decline in the birth rate, perceived as a threat to their country’s military power. By 1. 93. 6, Joseph Stalin reversed most of the liberal laws, ushering in a conservative, pronatalist era that lasted for decades to come. Peasant women also took on new roles, taking over some of their husbands' farm work. Women fought directly in the war in small numbers on the front lines, often disguised as men, and thousands more served as nurses. The social conditions of women during World War I affected the role they played in coming revolutions. The Russian Revolution of 1917 involved the collapse of an empire under Tsar Nicholas II and the rise of Marxian socialism under Lenin and his Bolsheviks. Matryoshka nesting dolls for sale, wide variety and affordable prices, high quality and shipped directly from Russia. Also detailed history of Russian matryoshka doll.
Women were highly visible in this revolution, gathering in a mass protest on International Women's Day to call for political rights. They gained rights under the provisional government, including the right to vote, to serve as attorneys, and equal rights in civil service. Women advocating for these kinds of political rights generally came from upper and middle- class background, while poorer women protested for . All women's combat units were put into place, the first of these forming in May 1. The Women Question and Bolshevik politics. Russians generally viewed women as backward or superstitious, and not to be trusted politically, and even some Marxists referred to women workers as the “most backward stratum of the proletariat” and accused them of being unable to develop a revolutionary consciousness without party guidance. Russian Peasant Woman\u0027s MantleBefore the revolution, feminism was condemned as . Engels’ 1. 89. 0 work on The Women Question influenced Lenin heavily. He believed that the oppression of women was a function of their exclusion from the public production sphere and the relegation to the domestic sphere. For women to have been considered true comrades, the bourgeois family had to be dismantled and women needed full autonomy and access to employment. They thought men and women needed to work together with no division, and because of this, in the party's early days, there was no literature printed specifically targeting women, and the Bolsheviks refused to create a bureau for women workers. In 1. 91. 7, they acquiesced to the demands of the Russian feminist movement and created the Women's Bureau. October Revolution and the Civil War. They were able to equalize women's legal status with men's by reforming certain laws such as the Code on Marriage, the Family, and Guardianship ratified in October 1. The Bolsheviks launched a movement for women's self- activity; the Zhenotdel, also known as women's section of the Communist Party (1. Under the leadership of Alexandra Kollontai, and with the support of women like Inessa Armand and, Nadezhda Krupskaya the Zhenotdel spread the news of the revolution, enforced its laws, set up political education and literacy classes for working- class and peasant women and fought prostitution. The provisional government did not last, and in October the Bolshevik party led another revolution. While men were forcibly conscripted for service in the civil war following the October Revolution, women were not required to participate. Nevertheless, they did, in large numbers, suggesting the Bolsheviks had gained some women's support. An estimated 5. 0,0. Red Army by 1. 92. During this time Bolshevik feminism really began to take form. Lenin spoke often of the importance of relieving women from housework so they could participate more fully in society, and an effort to pay workers for household chores began. Some changes to the traditional emphasis on family were implemented, including making divorce easily attainable and granting full rights to illegitimate children. One former revolutionary fighter, Fanni Kaplan, attempted to assassinate Vladimir Lenin in 1. Peasant Women and Women's Emancipation. Patriarchal gender roles were way of life in villages, and the village was the only life peasant women knew. Historians have theorized that peasants saw revolution as a dangerous threat to their way of life, and that peasant women, already impoverished, feared the disruptions brought by war. Only a small minority of peasant women joined the Bolshevik cause. Peasant women's rejection of women's emancipation is most clearly demonstrated in their refusal to be involved with the Women's Bureau. See also. Goldman, Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1. Richard Stites, The Women's Liberation Movement in Russia: Feminism, Nihilism, and Bolshevism, 1. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1. Rebecca Balmas Neary, “Mothering Socialist Society: The Wife- Activists’ Movement and the Soviet Culture of Daily Life, 1. Russian Review (5. July 1. 99. 9: 3. Rochelle Goldberg Ruthchild, Equality and Revolution: Women’s Rights in the Russian Empire, 1. University of Pittsburgh Press, June 2. Rochelle Goldberg Ruthchild, “Women’s Suffrage and Revolution in the Russian Empire, 1. Karen Offen, ed., Globalizing Feminisms, 1. New York: Routledge, 2. Koonz, Claudia (1. Becoming Visible: Women in European History. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0. 39. 52. 44. Retrieved 3. 1 December 2. The New Soviet Woman- Model or Myth. London: North Star Press. Soviet Studies. Boxer, Marilyn J.; Quataert, Jean H. Connecting Spheres: European women in a globalizing world, 1. Second ed.). New York, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 1. Clements, Barbara Evans (Winter 1. JSTOR 3. 17. 38. 97. Engel, Barbara Alpern (2. Women in Russia, 1. Cambridge, U. K.: Cambridge University Press. The Russian Revolution. United States: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 1. Stoff, Laurie (2. They fought for the Motherland: Russia's women soldiers in World War I and the Revolution. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. Further reading. The Russian Revolution, 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 5. Walther Schmieding, Aufstand der T. Jahrhundert, 1. 97. Kindler Verlag, M. New York: Routledge, 2. Beth Holmgren and Rochelle Goldberg Ruthchild (eds.), A Very Short Course on Russian Women’s History Contextualizing Russian Feminism: Twenty Years Forward, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2. Francisca De. Haan, Krassimira Dasskalova, and Anna Loutfi (eds.) Biographical Dictionary of Women’s Movements and Feminisms in Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe, 1. Centuries. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2.
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